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3A备课网


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【精品打包下载】沪教版初中化学九年级上册PPT课件同步配套教案同步练习


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010.jpg

《自然界中的水》

一、教材分析

本节内容是在学生认识身边的物质空气、氧气、二氧化碳的基础上进一步认识身边的物质水,从水的分解和水的合成两个相逆的变化来探究水的组成,从元素的角度理解水的组成,并介绍如何净化水。21世纪教育网版权所有

二、教学目标

(一)知识与技能目标

1.认识水的组成,通过水的分解、水的合成两种变化分析水的组成;

2.知道天然水、自来水、饮用水和蒸馏水的区别;

3.了解水与人类的关系;

(二)过程与方法目标

1.了解水污染的因素和水净化的基本方法;

2.知道过滤操作的目的,掌握过滤的基本装置和操作方法;

(三)情感与态度目标

认识水是人类不可缺少的宝贵资源,养成节约用水、自觉保护水资源的意识,树立社会责任感。

三、教学重难点

(一)教学重点

认识水的组成,了解水污染的因素和水净化的基本方法。

(二)教学难点

从元素的角度理解水的组成。

四、教法与学法

(一)教学方法

本节课采用情景教学法、发现教学法、互动教学法,教师突出活动的组织设计与方法引导,为学生搭建参与和交流的平台。21教育网

(二)学习方法

学生通过课前的社会调查、课内的分组实验、交流讨论、归纳总结等活动,采用合作学习、研究性学习的方式,获得本节课的知识和方法。21cnjy.com

(三)教具准备

教材、讲学稿、多媒体课件、实验器材

五、课时安排

2课时

六、教学过程

2课时

导入新课:

出示两杯水,一杯混浊河水,一杯自来水,让同学们判断哪一杯为河水,哪一杯为自来水;再出示两杯水,一杯为蒸馏水,一杯为食盐水,让同学们再进行判断。

师:混浊的为河水,澄清的为自来水,食盐水和蒸馏水都是澄清液体,无法区分。我们日常生活中会接到到各种水,有的用肉眼就可以分辨,而有的,外观没有区别,但里面可能含有多种杂质,这就需要利用实验进行验证并除去相关杂质。这节课, 我们就来学习下水的净化。 www.21-cn-jy.com

讲授新课:

活动探究:实验室有两瓶无色透明的液体,其中一瓶是蒸馏水,另一瓶是氯化钠溶液,如何区别?

学生先讨论方法,然后师生分析结果:从瓶中各取少许液体,用玻璃棒分别蘸取后在酒精灯火焰上灼烧,直到水被蒸干,观察现象。www-2-1-cnjy-com

现象结论:玻璃棒上有白色固体出现的为食盐水,无现象的是蒸馏水。

    提问:无色透明的自来水是纯净物还是混合物?自然界中的江河湖海水、我们日常使用的矿泉水、纯净水、蒸馏水这些水有什么不同?他们都是纯净物还是混合物?

总结:自来水、自然界中的江河湖海水、我们日常使用的矿泉水等都含有除水外的其他物质,都为混合物,而蒸馏水只有一种物质,为纯净物。2-1-c-n-j-y

并非澄清的透明的水就一定是纯净物。其中含有一些固体悬浮物,可溶性的杂质和细菌。直接饮用对人体有害。

讲解:硬水:含钙镁化合物较多的水 ;软水:含较少或不含可溶性钙镁化合物的水。

演示实验:(可观看视频)

硬水和软水的鉴别方法:分别取少量,分别加入少量的肥皂水,振荡,有白色垢状物出现的的是硬水,没有垢状物有丰富泡沫的是软水。  21*cnjy*com

讨论:硬水有哪些危害?

学生讨论后总结:影响清洗剂的使用效果、危害人体健康、工业用硬水降低产品质量。

思考:如何将硬水进行软化?

师讲解:加热煮沸或蒸馏都可以降低水的硬度。

师讲解:完全纯净的水在自然界中并不存在,天然水和自来水中都含有一些杂质,只要水中的杂质对人体无害,均可以作为生少用水,饮用水要澄清透明,不含细菌等对人体有害的物质,对于只含有固体小颗粒的浑浊的水,可以自己动手净化,下面我们就利用实验来除去水中固体小颗粒。【来源:21cnj*y.co*m

活动与探究:

过滤:讲解并演示(可观看动画)

1.概念:将不溶性固体与液体分离的方法叫作过滤。

2.仪器:烧杯、玻璃棒、漏斗、铁架台

3.操作要求:“一贴”、“二低”、“三靠”

一贴:滤纸紧贴漏斗内壁,中间不能留有气泡。

二低:滤纸上边缘要低于漏斗口,防止药液损失;过滤时候液面要低于滤纸上边缘,防止液体未经过滤即流入烧杯。【来源:21·世纪·教育·网】

三靠:倾倒液体时候,烧杯口紧靠玻璃棒;玻璃棒下端紧靠三层滤纸,防止滤纸破损;漏斗下端管口紧靠烧杯内侧,防止液体飞溅。【出处:21教育名师】

思考:小明对浑浊的石灰水经过一次过滤后,发现滤液仍旧浑浊。请帮他分析原因。

学生讨论后总结:滤液仍浑浊可能是滤纸破损、液面高于滤纸边缘、接滤液的烧杯不洁净等,若出现这种情况,可进行重新过滤。【版权所有:21教育】

师讲解:在实验生活中,要根据水中含有杂质的种类和水的使用要求,综合运用多种净化或消毒的方法对水进行处理,使用具有吸附作用的固体可吸附液体中的不溶性物质,还可吸附掉一些溶解的杂质,如有色物质和有臭味的物质等,如需制备更纯净的水,可用蒸馏的方法。21教育名师原创作品

观看视频:自来水的生产

思考:随着我国国民经济的飞速发展,人口数量的不断增长,人们的生活质量也逐渐提高,在此情况下,对于水的需要会发生怎样的变化呢?21·世纪*教育网

交流与讨论:

年份

用水总量

(亿立方米)

各类用水所占比例%

农业用水

工业用水

生活用水

其他用水

1949

1031

97.1

2.3

0.6

--

1997

5566

70.4

20.2

9.4

--

2003

5320

64.5

22.1

11.9

1.5

2008

5908

62.0

23.7

12.3

2.0

请你对以上数据进行多角度分析,你能得出哪些结论?各类用水所占比例发生变化的原因可能是什么?

学生讨论后师生总结:总体来看,我国不同时期的年用水总量呈现较明显的增加趋势,对于水资源的需求越来越大,分析各类用水所占比例,可以发现农业用水的比例逐渐降低,工业用水的比例则不断增加。21·cn·jy·com

师:我国的水资源状况能否适应生产力发展的需要呢?

观看一组图片,了解我国水资源状况及存在的主要问题,并提出解决问题的思路与方法。

指导学生读书,了解海水淡化的相关知识。

讨论:针对水资源的短缺问题,我们该如何保护水资源?

学生回答:节约用水和防止水污染。

师:保护水资源是全人类的责任,每个社会公民都应该树立保护水资源的意识,养成节约用水、合理用水的良好习惯。2·1·c·n·j·y

小结:通过本节课的学习,你有哪些收获?

水的净化方法、硬水软水鉴别、转化方法、过滤原理及操作要求、水资源的综合利用等。

板书设计:

二、水的净化

硬水:含较多可溶性钙、镁化合物的水

较水:含少量或不含可溶性钙、镁化合物的水

鉴别:肥皂水

转化:煮沸或蒸馏

过滤:不溶于液体的固体与液体分离“一贴二低三靠”

三、水资源的综合利用

巩固练习:

1.下列各组混合物可用过滤法进行分离的是       (     )

A.酒精和水        B.食盐和泥沙    

C.食盐水           D.铁粉和铜粉

2.天然水分别经过下列净化操作后,一定能得到软水的是(     )

A.沉淀        B.过滤         C. 吸附       D.蒸馏

3.下列过滤操作不正确的是(  )

A. 玻璃棒下端要靠在三层滤纸处

B. 滤纸边缘应低于漏斗边缘,多余部分要剪去,并用水润湿贴紧,不留气泡

C. 过滤时将液体沿玻璃棒注入过滤器,并使液面高于滤纸边缘

D. 漏斗下端紧靠烧杯内壁

4.下列关于保护水资源的说法中正确的是(  )

A.地球上有的是水,尽管大量使用吧

B.学校的水不是我们的,尽管浪费吧

C.树木生长会吸收水分,所以要把树木砍掉

D.节约用水,人人有责

5.在自来水的净化过程中,我们常用___________方法除去水中不溶的杂质,_______________可除去色素和异味,采取____________方法可降低水的硬度。

答案:1.B  2.D  3.C  4.D

5.过滤;活性炭吸附;加热(煮沸,蒸馏)

 

 


 


  • 商品评价
  • 描述相符

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    5
  • 发货速度

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    5
  • 服务态度

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    5
  • 综合评分

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    5
  • 写评价赚积分

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  • 交易规则

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