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Notice: Undefined index: SHOPUSER in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/function.php on line 266

Warning: Use of undefined constant txtmb - assumed 'txtmb' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 9

Warning: Use of undefined constant yhxs - assumed 'yhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 11

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Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 11

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Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 14

Notice: Undefined index: SHOPUSER in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 16

Warning: Use of undefined constant prohistoy - assumed 'prohistoy' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 31

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 31

Notice: Undefined index: prohistoy in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php on line 32
<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/view.php</b> on line <b>40</b><br /> 【打包下载】苏教版八年级上册生物PPT课件公开课视频教案导学案试题练习 - 3A备课网
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3A备课网


Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 20


Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 73
【打包下载】苏教版八年级上册生物PPT课件公开课视频教案导学案试题练习


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Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant pf1 - assumed 'pf1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 78

    Warning: Use of undefined constant pf2 - assumed 'pf2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 78

    Warning: Use of undefined constant pf3 - assumed 'pf3' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 78
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  • Warning: Use of undefined constant ifwap - assumed 'ifwap' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 82
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Warning: Use of undefined constant ifuserdj - assumed 'ifuserdj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 89
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Warning: Use of undefined constant ifuserdj - assumed 'ifuserdj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 115
14.90

Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 118

Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 118
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Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 119
14.9
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  • Warning: Use of undefined constant kcnum - assumed 'kcnum' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 126
    202424

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant xsnum - assumed 'xsnum' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 127
    455

Warning: Use of undefined constant yhxs - assumed 'yhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 133

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 155

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26
  • 套餐

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 163

    Warning: Use of undefined constant fhxs - assumed 'fhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant kcnum - assumed 'kcnum' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 165

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 169

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170
    常规课
    Warning: Use of undefined constant fhxs - assumed 'fhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant kcnum - assumed 'kcnum' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 169

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170
    公开课
    Warning: Use of undefined constant fhxs - assumed 'fhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant kcnum - assumed 'kcnum' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 164

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 166

    Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant probh - assumed 'probh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 167

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 169

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money1 - assumed 'money1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170

    Warning: Use of undefined constant money2 - assumed 'money2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 170
    常规课+公开课

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 178

Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26

Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26

Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 179

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant ifxj - assumed 'ifxj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 210
    立即购买
    Notice: Undefined index: SHOPUSER in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 215
    加入购物车
    Warning: Use of undefined constant ysweb - assumed 'ysweb' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 221
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    Warning: Use of undefined constant fhxs - assumed 'fhxs' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 234
    自动发货
    Warning: Use of undefined constant ifuserdj - assumed 'ifuserdj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 235
担保交易,安全保证,有问题不解决可申请退款。

Warning: Use of undefined constant fenxiang - assumed 'fenxiang' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 242
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  • Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 247

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 248

    Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 249

    Warning: Use of undefined constant upty - assumed 'upty' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 285

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tp - assumed 'tp' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 286

Warning: Use of undefined constant xinyong - assumed 'xinyong' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 260

Warning: Use of undefined constant userid - assumed 'userid' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 260

Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 191


Warning: Use of undefined constant shopname - assumed 'shopname' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 266
清扬教育

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  • Warning: Use of undefined constant nc - assumed 'nc' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 268
    清扬教育
  • 宝贝:

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 269

    Warning: Use of undefined constant id - assumed 'id' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 26
    861件
  • 创店:

  • Warning: Use of undefined constant sj - assumed 'sj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 270
    2016-07-25

Warning: Use of undefined constant uqq - assumed 'uqq' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 271

Warning: Use of undefined constant weixin - assumed 'weixin' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 274

Warning: Use of undefined constant baomoney - assumed 'baomoney' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 277
  • 描述

    Warning: Use of undefined constant pf1 - assumed 'pf1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 281
    5.00
  • 发货

    Warning: Use of undefined constant pf2 - assumed 'pf2' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 282
    5.00
  • 售后

    Warning: Use of undefined constant pf3 - assumed 'pf3' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 283
    5.00

Warning: Use of undefined constant dqsj - assumed 'dqsj' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/function.php on line 466

Warning: Use of undefined constant type1 - assumed 'type1' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 204

Warning: Use of undefined constant aurl - assumed 'aurl' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 212

Warning: Use of undefined constant tit - assumed 'tit' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 212

Warning: Use of undefined constant addir - assumed 'addir' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 212

Warning: Use of undefined constant bh - assumed 'bh' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 212

Warning: Use of undefined constant jpggif - assumed 'jpggif' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/config/return.php on line 212
购买方法

    Warning: Use of undefined constant tysx - assumed 'tysx' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 349

    Notice: Undefined offset: 2 in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 354

Warning: Use of undefined constant txt - assumed 'txt' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /home/wwwroot/zhaizhaolei123/wwwroot/product/default/viewmb.php on line 372

 

 

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部分教案展示


2  动物行为的生理基础

教学目标

1.使学生了解动物行为的特点。

2.使学生了解先天性行为和学习行为的概念。

3.使学生了解动物行为产生的生理基础。

教学重点

1.动物行为的特点。

2.区别先天性行为的概念和学习行为行为。

教学难点

1.动物行为的3个共同特点。

2.学习行为的概念。

教学方法

讲解法。

教学准备

鱼缸和鱼,烧杯和水螅,甲虫若干只。

教法建议

本节教材是在前面5节介绍了研究动物行为的目的和方法,以及6类动物行为的基础上,加以概括、总结和提高。由于学生的基础知识较少,学习本节教材有一定难度。

对于一些生疏的用语,属于基础知识或重点内容的,可以通过实例,配合直观教具、演示实验等,由浅入深地加以讲述,逐步突破难点。不属于基础知识或重点内容的,在教材中又无法回避的,如遗传物质遗传因素生理因素等,可作一般地解释,不求讲深讲透。

如有可能,掏一窝孵化不久的麻雀,在讲先天性行为时,进行演示。用小虫、草籽、茎叶残屑、纸团、泡沫塑料小球等喂雏鸟,除小虫是雏鸟的正常食物外,其他物品都不是正常的食物。而雏鸟只知张着大口,对喂进的食物来者不拒。通过这个实验说明,索取食物是所有动物出生时就具有的本能,是一种先天性行为。

在讲授学习行为时,应向学生讲明学习学习能力学习行为学会等用语,都是借用人类行为的语汇。人类的学习是由意识支配的、复杂的思维过程,是主动的行为。动物的学习是在生活过程中逐渐建立起来的一系列条件反射,是无意识的、呆板的、被动的行为。只要具有完整的神经系统、不一定具有脑的多细胞动物都具有学习的行为。可以通过一些十分简单的实验说明这一内容。

教学过程

复习提问:

1.请回忆我们最近几节课都学习过哪几种动物的行为?

2.动物有哪几种节律行为?

讲授新课:

引言:这学期我们学习的是动物学的基础知识,所学习的内容只是动物学中很少的一部分,但是,同学们已能了解到动物外貌的形形色色、结构的复杂多样和行为的奇异独特。从单细胞原生动物到高等哺乳动物,每个个体都表现出一定的行为,同一种动物能够表现出基本相同的行为;不同种的动物能够表现出不同的行为、在我们学习过许多种动物的行为以后,能够总结出动物行为所具有的共同特点。

一、动物行为的特点

雌狮追捕斑马,这是动物的捕食行为,亲鸟给雏鸟喂食,这是动物的繁殖行为,两只公羚羊在繁殖季节的争斗,这是动物的攻击行为。

虽然3种动物表现出3种的不同行为,但我们能够找出它们的共同特点

1.无论哪一种行为,都是一个运动、变化的动态过程,并且包括动物身体内部的生理活动变化。也就是说,动物的任何一种行为都是一种运动的过程,而运动都是由一系列不断变比的动作组成的。狮子不运动、没有不断变化的动态过程就捕不到斑马。亲鸟没有一系列动作,雏鸟就得不到食物,公羚羊静静地呆在一个地方也不可能发生争斗。这种运动不仅是躯干和肢体的动作,也包括身体内部的生理活动,如胃肠的蠕动、心脏的收缩、肺的运动、腺体的分泌等。生理活动也是一个不断变化的过程。

2.动物的行为与生活环境有密切的关系,对于动物个体的生存和种族的延续有重要作用。如狮子不捕食斑马便不能生存;亲鸟不哺育雏鸟就不能得到种族的延续;公羚羊不发生争斗就不能保证种族的健康繁衍。

3.每种动物行为的产生,都是动物体的神经系统、感觉器官、运动器官和激素协调作用的结果。两只公羚羊的争斗,首先由视觉、嗅觉和听觉感觉到对方的存在,通过神经系统对运动器官的支配进行争斗。这种争斗行为只有在身体发育成熟以后,由睾丸产生的性激素的作用下才会发生。大多数高等动物,睾丸、卵巢的活动有一定的周期性,也就是有一定的节律,所以它们的繁殖行为也有一定的周期性。繁殖行为的周期性是性激素调节作用的结果。

二、先天性行为

先天性行为是生下来就有的、不用学习就会的,是由身体里遗传物质控制的行为。例如,蜜蜂采蜜、蚂蚁筑巢、蜘蛛结网、鸟类迁徙、母鸡孵蛋、羚羊争斗、母猪哺乳等。每种动物都具有许多生来就会的行为,在生物学上,这种先天性行为叫本能。请看挂图,这是根据真实照片绘制的。一只母鸡刚刚孵出了雏鸡,雏鸡被拿开了,在它面前出现了两只小猫,失去雏鸡的母鸡竟把两只没有母亲的小猫当成自己的孩子加以抚育。失去母亲的小猫也把母鸡当成了自己的妈妈接受母鸡的抚爱。有一只美国云雀,正在哺育的雏鸟不见了,发现鱼池里有一个张开的大口,便把小虫送入这个口中。其实这是1条偶然浮出水面的金龟。当金鱼再次浮出水面,云雀又喂它1条虫,这样一直连续喂了好几个星期。请阅读课文,然后对这两个实例加以说明。

学生:母鸡和云雀哺育后代,小猫接受哺育和金鱼取食都是先天性行为。鸟类孵出后代以后有进行哺育的行为,即使后代不存在了,它们的这种本能并没有立即消失。

教师:许多地方发现的狼孩、虎孩、熊孩或豹孩,都是在与上述实例相似的情况下形成的。本能是生下来就有的行为,显然是由遗传因素决定的。同时也因为这些动物体内具备了神经系统和激素的调节作用,也就是生理因素成熟了。

三、学习行为

动物的学习行为不是生来就有的,而是动物在生活过程中逐渐形成的行为。可以说是动物在生活过程中,通过学习,积累经验,逐渐建立起来的行为活动。一般规律是,动物越高等,学习行为越复杂,在动物全部行为活动中占的比重也越大。

实验证明,各种多细胞动物部具有学习能力,也就是通过训练可以形成学习行为。经过训练的蚯蚓可以准确地爬到它喜欢的环境里去。又如,曾在英格兰发现1只大山雀偷饮奶瓶内的牛奶,后来使得其他地区的大山雀也学会了偷饮牛奶。幼小的黑猩猩从成年黑猩猩的行为中,学会用细树枝沾上水或唾液,从洞穴中粘取白蚁作为食物。

这里所说的动物的学习、学习能力、学习行为,指的是动物在生活过程中逐渐建立的条件反射过程,这是一种被动的、无意识的、呆板的行为。只要具有完整的神经系统、不一定具有脑的多细胞动物,都具有这种学习的行为。现在通过几个简单的实验说明这个问题。

演示实验:

烧杯里盛放着水螅,待触手伸展时,用细木棒敲击烧杯,水螅的触手缩回,重复两、三次以后,水螅的触手不再缩回。

烧杯中盛放着1条金鱼,同样用细木棒敲击烧杯,金鱼受惊欲逃,重复几次以后,金鱼便对敲击烧杯不再予以理睬。

3只甲虫,从高处摔到玻璃水槽中,出现假死现象,重复几次以后,同样也不再假死了。

3个实验中,动物所表现出来的行为都是学习行为,都是通过学习才获得的行为。这些动物在生活过程中积累了经验,知道了这些刺激对自身并不造成危害,因此对以后多次出现的类似刺激便不再发生反应了。

四、动物行为产生的生理基础

前面讲过动物的行为是一个运动、变化的动态过程。行为的产生一定是动物的神经系统、感觉器官、运动器官和激素共同协调作用的结果。第一节我们演示过的三刺鱼的实验,也可以说明这个内容。三刺鱼的眼睛感受到红色的刺激,通过神经系统做出攻击红色目标的决定,再通过运动器官作出攻击的行为。

母鸡和云雀的育雏行为可以说明,动物行为的产生与动物体内的激素有直接关系。雄三刺鱼的攻击行为主要受睾丸分泌的雄性激素的调节作用引起的;母鸡和云雀的育雏行为主要是受卵巢分泌的雌性激素的调节作用引起的。总的说来,动物行为的产生主要受神经系统的支配,同时也受身体内部产生的激素的调节和控制,两个方面互相协调、互指影响,缺一不可。

小结:这节课学习了动物行为的3个特点。从动物行为产生的主要因素可以分为先天性行为和学习行为,这是这节课的重点;另一个重点内容是动物行为产生的生理基础。动物行为为的产生是动物体的神经系统、感觉器官、运动器官和激素等多方面因素共同协调作用的结果。

下面有两个问题请同学们动动脑,然后回答。

1.为什么说母鸡育雏是先天性本能。

2.举一例说明动物的学习行为。

布置练习

自己设计实验方案,观察某一种动物的行为,并且作好记录。时限3天,连同第一节课后留的实习内容,一并在课堂上交流。


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